Chandra, HST/STIS, NICER, Swift, and TESS Detail the Flare Evolution of the Repeating Nuclear Transient ASASSN-14ko

ASASSN-14ko is a nuclear transient at the center of the AGN ESO 253-G003 that undergoes periodic flares. Optical flares were first observed in 2014 by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) and their peak times are well-modeled with a period of $115.2^{+1.3}_{-1.2}$ days and period derivative of $-0.0026 \pm 0.0006$. Here we present ASAS-SN, Chandra, HST/STIS, NICER, Swift, and TESS data for the flares that occurred in December 2020, April 2021, July 2021, and November 2021. The HST/STIS UV spectra evolve from blue shifted broad absorption features to red shifted broad emission features over $\sim$10 days. The Swift UV/optical light curves peaked as predicted by the timing model, but the peak UV luminosities varied between flares and the UV flux in July 2021 was roughly half the brightness of all other peaks. The X-ray luminosities consistently decreased and the spectra became harder during the UV/optical rise but apparently without changes in absorption. Finally, two high-cadence TESS light curves from December 2020 and November 2018 showed that the slopes during the rising and declining phases changed over time, which indicates some stochasticity in the flare's driving mechanism. ASASSN-14ko remains observationally consistent with a repeating partial tidal disruption event, but, these rich multi-wavelength data are in need of a detailed theoretical model.Comment: 25 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables; Submitted to ApJ, comments welcom

The syndrome of central hypothyroidism and macroorchidism: IGSF1 controls TRHR and FSHB expression by differential modulation of pituitary TGFβ and Activin pathways

IGSF1 (Immunoglobulin Superfamily 1) gene defects cause central hypothyroidism and macroorchidism. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease remain unclear. Based on a patient with a full deletion of IGSF1 clinically followed from neonate to adulthood, we investigated a common pituitary origin for hypothyroidism and macroorchidism, and the role of IGSF1 as regulator of pituitary hormone secretion. The patient showed congenital central hypothyroidism with reduced TSH biopotency, over-secretion of FSH at neonatal minipuberty and macroorchidism from 3 years of age. His markedly elevated inhibin B was unable to inhibit FSH secretion, indicating a status of pituitary inhibin B resistance. We show here that IGSF1 is expressed both in thyrotropes and gonadotropes of the pituitary and in Leydig and germ cells in the testes, but at very low levels in Sertoli cells. Furthermore, IGSF1 stimulates transcription of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR) by negative modulation of the TGFβ1-Smad signaling pathway, and enhances the synthesis and biopotency of TSH, the hormone secreted by thyrotropes. By contrast, IGSF1 strongly down-regulates the activin-Smad pathway, leading to reduced expression of FSHB, the hormone secreted by gonadotropes. In conclusion, two relevant molecular mechanisms linked to central hypothyroidism and macroorchidism in IGSF1 deficiency are identified, revealing IGSF1 as an important regulator of TGFβ/Activin pathways in the pituitary

Agonist-dependent up-regulation of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone receptor protein.

To study the effect of agonist on the TRH (thyrotrophin-releasing hormone) receptor protein, an epitope-tagged receptor was stably expressed in HEK-293 cells (human embryonic kidney 293 cells) and receptor levels were measured by immunoblotting. TRH caused a 5-25-fold increase in receptor protein during 48 h, which was half-maximal at 1 nM and was slowly reversible after hormone withdrawal. Chlordiazepoxide, an inverse agonist, had no effect. TRH up-regulation was mimicked by phorbol ester and blocked by the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X in combination with thapsigargin, which prevents a calcium response. TRH and phorbol ester increased the density of immunoreactive receptors localized at the cell surface and [3H]MeTRH (where MeTRH stands for [N3-methyl-His]TRH) binding. TRH also increased the concentration of a truncated, internalization-defective receptor. Analysis of cell lines stably expressing TRH receptors fused to the green fluorescent protein on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter showed that TRH and phorbol ester caused 2.7- and 6.8-fold increases in fusion protein expression respectively. TRH receptor up-regulation was only partially accounted for by changes in receptor mRNA, which increased 1.7-fold. TRH caused a small increase in receptor concentration in the presence of cycloheximide, actinomycin D or MG132. In contrast with the results obtained with the TRH receptor, agonist decreased the concentration of stably expressed b2-adrenergic receptors. These results show that TRH increases receptor concentration by a complex mechanism that requires signal transduction but not receptor endocytosis

Structure of the Melanocortin-2 Receptor Accessory Protein MRAP and its Roles in the Regulation of Melanocortin Receptors Trafficking and Signaling

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Rochester. School of Medicine and Dentistry. Dept. of Pharmacology and Physiology, 2008.The melanocortin-2 receptor or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor is the main regulator of glucocorticoid synthesis. Loss of function of MC2 receptors causes a severe glucocorticoid deficiency that, if not treated, results in death. Interestingly, the MC2 receptor requires the MC2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) for proper trafficking to the plasma membrane. These studies were performed to better understand the structure of the single transmembrane spanning protein MRAP and how it regulates melanocortin receptor trafficking and function. We show that MRAP displays a previously uncharacterized topology. Epitopes on both the N- and C-terminal ends of MRAP were localized on the external face of CHO cells at comparable levels. Using antibodies raised against N- and C-terminal MRAP peptides, we demonstrated that both ends of endogenous MRAP face the outside in adrenal cells. Nearly half of MRAP was glycosylated at the single endogenous N-terminal glycosylation site, and over half was glycosylated when the natural glycosylation site was replaced by one in the C-terminal domain. Coimmunoprecipitation of differentially tagged MRAPs established that MRAP is a dimer. By selectively immunoprecipitating cell surface MRAP in one or the other orientation, we showed that MRAP homodimers are antiparallel and form a stable complex with MC2 receptor. In the absence of MRAP, MC2 receptor was trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum, but with MRAP, the MC2 receptor was glycosylated and localized on the plasma membrane, where it signaled in response to ACTH. MRAP is the first eukaryotic membrane protein identified with an antiparallel homodimeric structure. We also showed that an epitope-tagged chaperone for odorant and taste receptors, Receptor Transporting Protein-1S (RTP-1S), also displayed dual topology, suggesting that this unusual structure may be common to several GPCR accessory proteins. We used bimolecular fluorescence complementation to ask where MRAP achieves dual topology. Fragments of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) were fused to the N- or C-terminus of MRAP such that YFP fluorescence could occur only in antiparallel homodimers; fluorescence was present in the endoplasmic reticulum. MRAP retained dual topology after deletion of most of the amino-terminus. In contrast, deletion of residues 31-37, just N-terminal to the transmembrane domain, forced MRAP into a single Nexoplasmic/Ccytoplasmic (Nexo/Ccyt) orientation and blocked its ability to promote MC2 receptor trafficking and homodimerization. When the transmembrane domain of MRAP was replaced with the corresponding region from receptor activity modifying protein 3 (RAMP3), dual topology was retained but MRAP was inactive. Insertion of MRAP residues 29-37 conferred dual topology to RAMP3, normally in an Nexo/Ccyt orientation. When expressed with MRAPΔ1-30, MRAPΔ10-20, or MRAPΔ21-30, MC2 receptor was localized on the plasma membrane but unable to respond to ACTH. Residues 18-21 of MRAP were critical; MC2 receptor expressed with MRAP(18-21A) localized to the plasma membrane but did not bind [125I]ACTH or increase cAMP in response to ACTH. A newly identified MRAP homolog, MRAP2, lacks amino acids 18-21(LDYI) of MRAP and, like MRAP(18-21A), allows MC2 receptor trafficking but not signaling. MRAP2 with an LDYI insertion functions like MRAP. These results demonstrate that MRAP not only facilitates MC2 receptor trafficking but also allows properly localized receptor to bind ACTH and consequently signal. Because MC2 receptor, MC5 receptor and MRAP are expressed together in several tissues including adrenal glands and adipocytes, we studied how MRAP regulates MC5 receptor trafficking and signaling. MRAP dramatically decreased MC5 receptor concentration at the plasma membrane of CHO cells in a dose-dependent manner. In the absence of MRAP, MC5 receptor fused to a red fluorescent protein was localized at the plasma membrane. In contrast, when MRAP was present, MC5 receptor was retained in intracellular compartments. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments determined that MC5 receptor and MRAP were present in the same complex, while bimolecular fluorescence complementation established that these complexes are localized in the ER and possibly in the Golgi. MC2 receptor and MC5 receptor formed homo- and heterodimers. However, whereas MC2 receptor homodimer formation was not altered by MRAP, the formation of MC2-MC5 receptor heterodimers as well as MC5 receptor homodimers was almost completely prevented by MRAP. The N-terminus, but not the transmembrane domain or the C-terminus of MRAP, was necessary to retain the MC5 receptor in intracellular compartments. Together these results suggest that a single protein, MRAP, is capable of regulating the trafficking and dimerization of two closely related receptors, MC2 and MC5 receptor, in two completely opposite ways